In this article, I will explain the concept of IP Addresses, How it works, and its classifications and types in detail. I'll cover each one of these ones by one as simple as possible.

What is IP Address?

An IP address, or Internet Protocol address, is a series of numbers that identifies any device on a network.

Terminologies

IP Addressing

IP addressing is the process of finding a unique IP address. A unique IP address is required for each host and network component that communicates using TCP/IP protocol.

TCP/IP Protocol

TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol and is a suite of communication protocols used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP is also used as a communications protocol in a private computer network

Working of IP Addresses

The IP Address identifies a system's location on the network. An IP must be globally unique and have a uniform format.

Each IP address has two parts:

• Network ID: It identifies the system that is located on the same physical networkID. It is also known as the network address.

• Host ID: It identifies the workstation, server, router, or other TCP/IP host within a network. The address for each host must be unique. to the networkID.

The use of the term networkID refers to any IP networkID, whether it is class-based, a subnet, or a supernet.

Octets

An IP Address is 32-bits long. It is a common practice to segment the 32-bits of the IP address into four 8-bit fields called octets. Each octet is converted to a decimal number (the base 10 numbering system) in the range of 0-255 and separated by a period (a dot). This format is called dotted decimal notation.

Example IPv4 Address- 128.168.112.201

Classes in IP Addresses

TCP/IP defines five classes of IP addresses: Class A, B, C, D, and E. Each class has a range of valid IP addresses. The value of the first octet determines the class.

Class	Range
A	0-127
B	128-191
C	192-223
D	224-239
E	240-255

Class A

Class A addresses are assigned to networks with a very large number of hosts. The high-order bit in a class A address is always set to 0. The next seven bits (completing the first octets) complete networkID. The remaining 24 bits (the last three octets) represent the host ID.

Maximum Possible Networks in Class A

As shown in the above image the network ID only has 8-bits the first bit is 0 (fixed bit for Class A) and the other 7-bits are empty. So there can only be 2⁷ - 2 (126) maximum possible networks. I have subtracted the 2 from possible networks because IANA does not allow to use of the first and last bits of the address which are (00000000 and 01111111).

Maximum Possible Hosts in Class A

As there are only 24-bits left and we could do the math 2²⁴ - 2 (16777214). Now here I've also subtracted the 2 that is because in host id first bits of the host address represent the whole network. and the last address is used as the broadcasting address to the whole network.

In the above, I have taken a network with IP address 72.0.0.0 in this 72 represents the network ID and that is in the range of 0-127 so we know it is a Class A IP address, and 0.0.0 represent host ID but we cannot assign to the user or host because this IP represents the whole network.

And Broadcasting IP Address means that if anyone has to send the message or data to all the hosts then It can be done with the 72.255.255.255 which can also not be assigned to the host.

Summary	Values
Max. Networks	27 - 2 (126)
Max. Hosts	224 - 2 (16777214)
Example IP Address	72.21.96.242

Class B

Class B addresses are assigned to medium-sized to large-sized networks. The two high-order bits in a class B address are always set to binary 10. The next 14-bits (completing the first and second octets) complete the network ID. The remaining 16-bits (last two octets) represent the host ID.

Maximum Possible Networks in Class B

As shown in the above image, the network ID has 16-bits in which 2-bits are fixed (10) and there are 14-bits left empty. So there can be maximum of 2¹⁴ (16384) networks. There is no restriction by IANA as it was in Class A.

Maximum Possible Hosts in Class B

As there are only 16-bits left and we could do the math 2¹⁶ - 2 (65534). Now here I've also subtracted the 2 that is because in host id first bits of the host address represent the whole network. and the last address is used as the broadcasting address to the whole network as I mentioned in the Class A section.

Summary	Values
Max. Networks	214 (16384)
Max. Hosts	216 - 2 (65534)
Example IP Address	168.211.236.201

Class C

Class C addresses are used for small networks. The three high-order bits in class C are always set to binary 110. The next 21-bits (completing the first three octets) complete the network ID. The remaining 8-bits (last octet) represent the host ID.

Maximum Possible Networks in Class C

As shown in the above image, the network ID has 24-bits in which 3-bits are fixed (110) and there are 21-bits left empty. So there can be maximum of 2²¹ (2097152) networks. There is no restriction by IANA as it was in Class A.

Maximum Possible Hosts in Class C

As there are only 8-bits left and we can do the math 2⁸ - 2 (254). Now here I've also subtracted the 2 that is because in host id first bits of the host address represent the whole network. and the last address is used as the broadcasting address to the whole network as I mentioned in the Class A section.

Summary	Values
Max. Networks	221 (2097152)
Max. Hosts	28 - 2 (254)
Example IP Address	192.168.216.105

Class D

Class D addresses are reserved for IP multicast addresses. The four high-order bits in a Class D address are always set to binary 1110. The remaining bits are for the address that the interested host will recognize. Class D is never used for regular networking operations. It is a 32-bits network address. Thus, there is no need to extract the host address from the IP address.

Example IP Address: 225.231.47.153

Class E

Class E addresses are reserved for experimental purposes only for R&D (Research and development) or Study. The high order bits in Class E are set to 1111.

Example IP Address: 244.171.88.113

Summary

• An Ip address is assigned to devices connected to a computer network.
• An IP address works in a network like a postal address
• In a Class A type of network, the first 8-bits (first octet) identify the network, and the remaining 24-bits represent the host.
• In a Class B type of network, the first 16-bits (first two octets) identify the network, and the remaining 16-bits represent the host.
• In Class C, 24-bits (first three octets) are used to represent the network, and the remaining 8-bits represent the host. -
• Class D addresses are 32-bit network addresses. There is no need to extract the host address from the IP.
• Class E IP address is defined by including the starting four network address bits as 1.